RUSSIAN VEHICLE NOTES
By 1941 the Soviet Union had a vast armored force of almost 30,000 AFV-more than the rest of the world combined. An obsession with annual production figures, however, upstaged the more mundane concern for the manufacture of spare parts. Consequently, when the Germans invaded, only about 7,000 of the 24,000 existing Soviet tanks could be considered completely battle-worthy. This in turn caused a large part of Soviet tank losses in the first months of Operation Barbarossa to be caused by mechanical breakdown. Several other important factors contributing to the poor showing of early Soviet armor were a general scarcity of radios, the inexperience of crews and commanders, and obsolete two-man turrets-all of which made Soviet tanks difficult to control as formations, and individually unwieldy in action. They were relatively "blind" and "dumb" in combat - often blundering about oblivious to beneficial terrain and enemy positions; a situation which the Germans (and Finns) were quick to exploit. The result of all this was that by December 1941 the Soviets had lost all but about 4,500 tanks (of which some 2,100 were keeping watch on the Japanese) and their armored force was at its nadir.
In 1942, with better tanks beginning to predominate and with better training and tactics resulting from the experiences of 1941, the situation slowly improved and the gulf in tactical expertise between the Soviets and the Germans began to gradually diminish. Moreover, the Soviet philosophy of quantity before quality allowed them to outproduce the Germans, whose AFV were technically superior but also more expensive and time-consuming to build. Indeed, even with the loss of much of their natural resources and the forced relocation of many production facilities in 1941, the Soviets during the course of WW2 built some 102,000 AFV (of which about 71,000 were the superior T-34/JV/IS tanks) and could use sheer weight of numbers (as could the Western Allies) to help overpower the outnumbered invaders.
Any counter errata mentioned in the Russian Vehicle and Ordnance Notes applies only to the 1st edition of BEYOND VALOR/
1. T-37: A slightly altered version of the Britishers A4E11. Used in recon units of infantry, cavalry, and mechanized formations. The game piece also represents the slightly different T-38 model. About 2,500 of all types were built.
See also Russian Vehicle Notes H, M.
1.1. T-27: This early Russian tankette derived from the British Vickers Carden-Loyd Mk VI machine gun carrier. It was armed with a DT machine gun and had a crew of two. Due to the vehicle's small size it was very cramped, and crewmen were specifically selected for their small stature, since even average-sized men could not fit inside it. By 1939, almost all of the 3,000+ T-27 tankettes had been modified to serve as armored towing vehicles for anti-tank guns. It was too small, however, to transport a gun, its ammunition, and its crew-the latter having to either ride in another vehicle or walk. By 1941, 101 served in this role on the Leningrad Front. Another 16 served as battle tanks in a reserve unit on the Arkhangelsk Front, some even until 1944. This counter with zero PP and no towing or Rider capability represents the unmodified T-27 tankette.
† This vehicle has a Passenger capacity of one PP for ammunition (C10.13).
† This vehicle can carry one crew and one SMC (only) as Riders (regardless of time frame; D6.2), as long as it not towing a Gun; it cannot hook up a Gun while carrying Riders-as signified by "Riders: crew (only)" on the counter.
See also Russian Vehicle Notes M, Q.
2. T-40: Successor to the T-37/T-38 as a recon vehicle, and also pressed into service as an infantry support AFV when heavier tanks became scarce toward the end of 1941. Only about 220 were built before production was halted in favor of the superior T-60.
† Make one To Kill DR on both the 12.7 and MG columns when using the AP To Kill Table; only one DR (firer's choice) is used.
See also Russian Vehicle Note H.
3. T-50: This Malay Klimt was an infantry support tank somewhat resembling a midget T-34, and was intended as a replacement for the T-26 series. Only 63 were built, as they were found to be very cost-ineffective compared to the T-34. All were used in a single brigade on the Finnish front.
4. T-60 M40 & M42: The T-60 was designed as a recon tank, but was nonetheless often pressed into service in support of infantry attacks since, due to attrition, by late 1941 recon tanks comprised roughly 50% of a tank brigade's strength. About 6,300 T-60 types were built. Beginning in 1943 many had their turrets removed and were used as gun tractors or SP rocket launchers. By the end of 1941, Soviet light tank platoons consisted of three vehicles each; prior to this each contained five tanks. M stands for model year in cases where significant variations existed.
See also Russian Vehicle Note C.
5. T-70: Another attempt to create the right combination of firepower, mobility, and protection in a light tank. However, by this time it was seen that the T-34 could do anything the T-70 could, and a lot more that the T-70 couldn't. So with ever increasing numbers of T-34 tanks obviating the need for light tanks, the T-70 was withdrawn from tank brigades in early 1944 (although it remained in use with other formations and Soviet allied forces).More than 8,200 T-70 were built.
See also Russian Vehicle Note C.
6. T-26 M33 & T-26S M37/
See also Russian Vehicle Notes D, I, M.
6.1. T-26 M31: The T-26 was developed from the British Vickers 6-ton tank and introduced in 1931. It had two machine gun armed turrets, each with 240° of traverse and 100° of overlap. At the start of the Winter War, the various T-26 versions were the most common light tank in the Red Army and were part of tank units from the Karelian Isthmus to Suomussalmi. Even by then, however, many of this original version were showing considerable wear. Furthermore, the small turrets (intended for infantry support) allowed little space for improvements. Starting with the T-26 M33 (Russian Vehicle Note 6), the two-turreted versions were superseded by single-turret models mounting larger guns.
† This vehicle possesses a 4-FP CMG in each of two separate turrets, one on each side of the tank's chassis, as its MA. Each turret's CMG rolls its TH/
† Use separate TCA/
† TURRET KNOCK OUT: Whenever the To Kill DR of a Direct Fire non-HE (C7.7) turret hit is equal to the Final To Kill number, the vehicle suffers a Turret Knock Out (TKO) instead of a Shock, and is marked appropriately. Which turret is affected depends upon the side of the vehicle-port or starboard- from which the fire originates. If the fire is traced directly along the hexspine of the vehicle's (rear) CA, a subsequent dr is made: 1-3 results in a port turret hit, 4-6 results in a starboard turret hit. The affected turret must BU, cannot become CE, cannot change its TCA, and has its MA Disabled. The crew then takes an Immobilization TC (D5.5). An AFV suffering a TKO must pay an additional +1 for all subsequent shots (from the still functioning turret) that incur a Case A To Hit Modifier. All subsequent hits on a knocked out turret are treated normally.
† TCA & CASE A: This vehicle's turrets may change TCA simultaneously, but must pay Case A (D3.52) penalties independently (and cumulatively).
EX (see above diagram): The Port MG can attack the 5-3-8 with 4 FP and +3 DRM for the TCA change, or the Starboard MG could attack with 4 FP and +2 DRM, or the two MG could firegroup to attack the 5-3-8 with 8 FP and +5 DRM for the cumulative TCA changes.
† ARMOR LEADER: An Armor Leader can use his leadership modifier for the first, and only the first, turret firing its MA separately in any friendly fire phase, and for both turrets whenever they form a Fire Group.
† Each CMG is treated as a BMG for Scrounging (D10.5) purposes.
See also Russian Vehicle Notes M, P.
6.2. T-26 M32: Various guns were tested in attempts to up-gun the T-26 M31. Due to the restricted space of the dual-turret design, however, it was found that that only a short 37mm gun would fit. In 1932, therefore, a series of tanks were produced based on the M31 but with the starboard turret machine gun replaced with a Hotchkiss (or the Soviet-built B-3 variant) 37mm gun. This variant was used during the 1939-40 Winter War, and some were still encountered in 1941. Only 96 were built, nominally assigned to the company commander. A special command version of this tank had a radio antenna in the form of a rail around the chassis and was designated T-26 TU.
† This vehicle is armed with a 37mm MA in its starboard turret and a 4-FP CMG in its port turret. The turrets are restricted in their TCA per the diagram in Russian Vehicle Note 6.1. The turrets may change TCA simultaneously, but must pay Case A (D3.52) penalties independently.
† The CMG is treated as a BMG for Scrounging (D10.5) purposes.
See also Russian Vehicle Notes M, P.
6.3. OT-26: A flamethrower variant of the T-26 was developed in 1933. The port turret was completely removed and the starboard turret was equipped with a flamethrower and a coaxial 7.62mm machine gun, both operated by a 2-man crew. The effective range of the flamethrower was only 35 meters. It was approved for production under the designation ChT-26 (Chemical Tank) but was also called BChM-3. In total, 615 vehicles of this type were produced in 1933-34, before production was halted in favor of the OT-130 and OT-133.
† RF is 1.4 for 1939-1/42 and 1.5 for 2-4/42.
See also Russian Vehicle Notes M, P.
6.4. ST-26 Bridgelayer: The Sapper T-26 was one of the first bridgelayer tanks in general service anywhere in the world; they were first tested in 1932. Based on the T-26 M31, one turret was removed and the other was moved to the middle of the chassis and armed with a machine gun. It featured a 7-meter long metal bridge ("knee bridge") for use by T-27, T-26, and BT tanks. It was tested with different types of bridges - one emplaced with an arm and one "drop down" type, with the latter being selected for production. The mechanical winch placed the bridge in 25-40 seconds. Attempts at improvements were made, including the UST-26 (which never left testing) and models based on the BT-2 (the SBT) and the T-28 (the IT-28). None of these were particularly successful, however, and they did not see much (if any) use. The Red Army used 11 ST-26 in the Winter War, spread between the 35th, 39th, and 40th Light Tank Brigades and the 317th Separate Tank Battalion. Two remained in service with the 1st Tank Division in 1941.
† When the ST-26 Bridgelayer is carrying its bridge, the TCA must always coincide with the VCA - as signified by "TCA: VCA only" on the counter. When bridgeless, the TCA may not traverse into or through the vehicle's "rear" VCA - as signified by "TCA: RVCA NA" on the counter.
† A bridgeless ST-26 Bridgelayer weighs 8.4 tons, has Normal Ground Pressure, has 12 MP, and its Target Size is +1.
† MOVEMENT: The following apply to an ST-26 Bridgelayer while it is carrying its bridge: it may not use VBM -as signified by "VBM NA" on the counter; if in a Sunken Road hex (B4.), it is treated as being on a one-lane bridge for VCA-change purposes (B6.431).
† RIDERS: An ST-26 Bridgelayer may not carry Riders.
† WRECK: To indicate an ST-26 Bridgelayer wreck, use a T-26 M31 wreck counter.
† 
BRIDGE: When placed, the bridge is represented by a ⅝" Bridge counter. It is One-Lane (B6.43-.431) and has a normal entry cost of one MF or four MP for all units. It is neither an obstacle nor a hindrance to LOS, and a unit on it is considered to be in Open Ground as if on a road (with no B6.31 TEM).
• PLACEMENT: The bridge can be placed "across" only a trench, A-T ditch, canal, the shellholes in a hex, or a gully/
• DESTRUCTION: A turret hit vs a Bridgelayer that is carrying its bridge is treated as a bridge hit instead. When such a hit is achieved (or when a DC is Placed "on the Turret"; C7.346), a dr is made on the following table to see if damage occurs:
If damage occurs, make another dr, which yields the +DRM that will modify the X# DR made when placement is attempted. All such +DRM are cumulative even if caused by ≥ one hit. Keep track of damage on a side record. A hit (or DC placed) on the bridge can affect its carrying Bridgelayer only via a Collateral Attack vs its CE crew [EXC: any CH vs the bridge renders it unplaceable and Recalls the Bridgelayer]. Types of attacks not listed herein cannot damage the bridge while it is on the Bridgelayer. Once the bridge has been placed, B6.33 (with a +2 TEM for the bridge) and B6.332 apply to attacks vs it.
| TYPE OF HIT: | AP, HEAT, HE = 57mma | HE 58-99mmb,DCc | HE 100mm+d,DCe |
|---|---|---|---|
| DAMAGED ON dr OF: | 1 | 1-2 | 1-3 |
a Includes all HE Harassing/
b Includes all HE Concentration OBA.
c Successfully Positioned (only).
d [EXC: OBA].
e Optimally Positioned (only).
• COLLAPSE: A placed bridge can collapse as per B6.42 if the weight of a vehicle on it exceeds 15 tons.
See also Russian Vehicle Note M.
7. OT-133: These were used in special battalions which contained 45 FT tanks each, plus a few T-26 and armored cars. The game piece also represents the earlier OT-130 model.
† X# - applies only to FT.
See also Russian Vehicle Note M.
7.1 BT-2A: This was the first Russian tank based on the American Christie design. The turret was designed to hold the 37mm Model 1932 L/
† The center hexspine of the CMG is always the next hexspine clockwise from the center hexspine of the current TCA; i.e., the CMG is located at the 2:00 position relative to the MA - as signified by "*2:00 from MA" on the counter. The CMG is optional, with RF of 1.2; place a "CMG Disabled" counter if the CMG is absent.
† RF is 1.3 for 1939; 1.6 for 1940-43.
See also Russian Vehicle Note M.
8. BT-5 M34: The BT (Bistrokhodny Tank: Fast Tank) were the basic AFV of independent tank brigades, and of mechanized and cavalry divisions. They were intended for use in the long-range exploitation role. Developed from the M1931 design of the American J.W. Christie, BT could be driven on their wheels, sans tracks - although this theoretical advantage was rarely used. BT were well-liked by their crews, but their thin armor made them vulnerable to even ATR. Prior to the German invasion of Russia, BT were used in the Spanish Civil War (about 50 were sent, 1937-1938), Manchuria (1938-39), and the Russo-Finnish War (1939-40). Almost 5,000 BT were built, up to and including the BT-5 series.
† Increase 1941 RF by .1 for each month after 7/41.
See also Russian Vehicle Note M.
9. BT-7 M37: This series was an evolutionary modernization of the BT-5 with redesigned front armor, and with a new turret, more machineguns, and a new engine/
See also Russian Vehicle Notes D, I, M.
10. BT-7A: This artillery tank was intended to provide close support for the BT platoon. It was usually radio-equipped.
See also Russian Vehicle Note M.
11. T-28 M34: This was the first Russian medium tank. It was loosely based on the British A6E1 and had two MG-armed turrets flanking the driver. T-28 were used in Manchuria against the Japanese and in the Russo-Finnish War of 1939-40, as well as against the Germans. After 1938, most T-28 were consolidated into three heavy tank brigades, with each ideally containing 136 T-28, 47 BT, and 25 armored cars. About 600 T-28 types were built.
† BMG factor (2×2) is actually two 2 FP BMG: one in a starboard fore sub-turret and one in a port fore sub-turret. The starboard MG sub-turret may fire through the T-28's front Target Facing and starboard side Target Facing, and the port MG sub-turret may fire through the front Target Facing and port side Target Facing. No CA change DRM apply to such fire through a side Target Facing unless the AFV changes its VCA. See the diagram for Vehicle Note 12.
See also Russian Vehicle Note M.
11.1. T-28 M34(L) & 12.1. T-28e M40(L): Starting in 1938, some T-28 M34s and T-28E M40s were re-armed with the longer, more effective L/
† BMG factor (2×2) is actually two 2-FP BMG: one in a starboard fore sub-turret and one in a port fore sub-turret. The starboard MG sub-turret may fire through the vehicle's front Target Facing and starboard side Target Facing, and the port MG sub-turret may fire through the front Target Facing and port side Target Facing. No CA change DRM apply to such fire through a side Target Facing unless the AFV changes its VCA. See the diagram for Russian Vehicle Note 12.
See also Russian Vehicle Note M.
12. T-28E M40: The original T-28 were found to be easily penetrated by Finnish AT guns and so were strengthened by adding additional plates. These up armored versions successfully assisted in breaking through the Finnish Mannerheim Line in early 1940 but did not fare well against the Germans in 1941. T-28 production was ended in 1940 in view of the much superior T-34 design.
† BMG factor (2×2) is actually two 2 FP BMG: one in a starboard fore sub-turret and one in a port fore sub-turret. The starboard MG sub-turret may fire through the T-28's front Target Facing and starboard side Target Facing, and the port MG sub-turret may fire through the front Target Facing and port side Target Facing. No CA-change DRM apply to such fire through a side Target Facing unless the AFV changes its VCA. See the diagram to the right.
See also Russian Vehicle Note M.
13. T-34 M40: At the time of its introduction, the T-34 was the most revolutionary AFV in the world. Its combination of medium velocity 76mm gun, well-sloped armor, high top speed, and excellent mobility across soft ground, placed it a generation ahead of all other existing tanks. This is not to say, however, that it had no faults. It was extremely cramped and tiring to operate, its two-man turret reduced its rate of fire and overall fighting efficiency, and the early models were prone to breakdowns. Despite these problems, the T-34 was an excellent design overall and its appearance came as a rude shock to the Germans, who had until then been smug in the belief of their own technical superiority. 967 T-34 were with the western Military Districts on June 22, 1941. In action, the T-34 proved to be almost invulnerable to the standard German tank and anti-tank guns. Initially though, the Soviet command dispersed them widely amongst the armored units and the vast majority of their crews had only a few hours of training, which often enabled the experienced German panzer crews to fully utilize their superior tactics to negate the T-34's superiority. On the other hand, the German infantry with their relatively immobile 37mm AT guns came to greatly fear the T-34, often being able to stop it only by attaching a grenade bundle or mine to its rear deck-not exactly a task they relished. The Model 1940 was the original production type; about 1,000 were built.
See also Russian Vehicle Note M.
14. T-34 M41: This model was initially reserved for use by platoon and company commanders, but clamors from the front for its more effective gun led to its superseding the Model 1940 in production. The game piece also represents the Model 1942, which incorporated minor improvements. Soviet medium tank platoons generally consisted of three tanks apiece, with a company containing ten tanks.
† Decrease RF by .1 for each two-month period after 7/41 until .9 is reached in 6/42.
See also Russian Vehicle Notes C, M.
15. OT-34 & KV-8: Flamethrower tanks were generally organized into independent battalions attached to tank corps, with each battalion consisting of 10 KV-8 and 11 OT-34. Later these battalions had 20 OT-34 and 10 T-34.
† X# applies to use of the FT-not the MA.
See also Russian Vehicle Notes C, M.
16. T-34 M43: The addition of a roomier hexagonal-shaped turret and significant improvements in automotive reliability characterized the T-34 Model 1943, which was the most numerous version of the T-34/76 series. When production ceased in 1944, more than 35,000 T-34/76 had been built.
† Decrease RF by .1 for each two-month period after 12/42 until .9 is reached in 9/43.
17. T-43: This was actually the prototype of an up armored T-34 which never reached production, but for ease of identification its name is used here to identify those versions of the standard T-34 which were locally up armored by welding additional plates to the hull front and turret. Most of these variants were produced in Leningrad and were therefore more commonly used in the areas around the Baltic Sea.
See also Russian Vehicle Notes C, M.
18. T-34/85: By mid 1943 the Soviet Union, somewhat like the U.S., found its tanks to be under-gunned when confronting the new generation of German Panthers and Tigers. The resolution of this problem was the T-34/85, with a more powerful gun mounted in a new three-man turret. It first saw combat with the 1st Guards Tank Army. About 29,430 were built during WWII.
† Decrease RF by .1 for each month after 4/44 until 1.1 is reached in 8/44.
See also Russian Vehicle Note J.
19. M4/
† RF is 1.5 in 1944.
20. T-44: This was designed to replace the T-34/85, but the initial models failed to live up to expectations. About 200 were built by VE Day. Some saw limited action in 1945. The T-44 was the direct predecessor of the long-lived T-54/T-55 series.
See also Russian Vehicle Notes B, M.
21. T-35: This was a "land-battleship" based on the design of the British Independent tank. While quite a dreadnought on paper, operationally its multitude of weapons could not be effectively directed by the overburdened tank commander; moreover, it was mechanically very unreliable. A total of about 60 were built. Some were used in Finland (1939), and most of those still running in 1940 were amalgamated into the elite 34th Tank Division, only to be subsequently lost in the frontier battles of 6/41 - most to mechanical failures. A few participated in the defense of Moscow during late 1941. The high CS# is due more to the size of its crew (10 men) then to any intrinsic strength of the vehicle.
† The T-35 has four sub-turrets: two with a 45L gun (one each in the port aft sub-turret and the starboard fore sub-turret); and two with a 2 FP MG (one each in the port fore sub-turret and the starboard aft sub-turret). Each port sub-turret may fire at targets within the T-35's port side Target Facing, and each starboard sub turret may do likewise within the T-35's starboard side Target Facing. Each fore sub-turret may fire at targets within the T-35's front Target Facing, and each aft sub-turret may do likewise within the T-35's rear Target Facing. Thus each sub-turret has a "CA" of either "front and one side" or "rear and one side" T-35 Target Facing, as per the diagram to the right. All ST penalties apply to the 76* gun. Each 45L gun is always subject to the +1 BU DRM but does not suffer any TCA change DRM (although it must pay NT CA DRM if the T-35 changes its VCA);moreover, it may not use a multiple ROF nor may it use Intensive Fire.
See also Russian Vehicle Note M.
21.1. SMK: The SMK (Sergei Mironovich Kirov) was designed on orders of the Red Army to replace the T-28 and T-35 heavy tanks. Its initial configuration featured a main turret with a 76mm gun and two smaller sub-turrets, each mounting a 45mm gun. After inspecting a wooden model in 1938, Stalin demanded thicker armor and ordered the two sub-turrets replaced with a single sub-turret, leading to a re-design that would also include torsion suspension. The result was a design with a 360° traverse main turret, mounting the 76mm L/
See also Russian Vehicle Note M, T.
21.2. T-100: The T-100 was designed for the same purpose and at the same time as the SMK (Russian Vehicle Note 21.1) by a different design team and went through similar changes. The final design was close to the SMK, with slightly thinner armor and no anti-aircraft or rear turret machine guns. It was sent to Finland to take part in the same battle tests as the SMK prototype and entered battle alongside it. A second T-100 chassis was under construction in December 1939, but that was diverted to the manufacturing of a tank recovery vehicle, and later a self-propelled gun (the SU-100Y, which saw service in the battle of Moscow). Both the SMK and T-100 designs were abandoned in favor of the KV design.
See also Russian Vehicle Note M, T.
22. KV-1 M39/
† The KVs' first major combat came with the German invasion, although a few KV-1 Model 1939 prototypes saw action near Summa, Finland, as early as 12/
See also Russian Vehicle Note M.
23. KV-1E, KV-1 M41, & KV-1 M42: Uparmoring of the KV (Klimt) was started even before Operation Barbarossa, based on faulty intelligence reports that the Germans were massively upgunning their tanks. Moreover, as new German weapons and ammunition were encountered, the Soviets introduced further modifications and retrofitted many of the surviving older KV with various types of applique armor. Each successive addition to their weight engendered a further loss of mobility however-and although the front lines were calling for faster tanks with thicker armor, the critical shortage of heavy tanks meant that the current models had to remain in production and could only be improved through expediencies. Due to their hampering of operations when used with the faster T-34, from 7/42 KV were placed in separate independent heavy tank regiments of 21 KV each.
See also Russian Vehicle Notes D, M.
24. KV-2: The Dreadnought was designed as a "bunker-buster", the need for which was discovered during the war against Finland in 1939. While it was an effective weapon versus static emplacements, its lumbering bulk was the complete opposite of what was needed during the mobile defensive battles of 1941, and it was quickly phased out of production. 334 were built.
† One prototype saw action in Finland in February 1940, around Summa.
† The KV-2's massive turret was difficult to traverse-especially if the tank was not on level ground. For this reason it is treated as a NT AFV [EXC: it may change its TCA but pays NT traverse DRM when doing so].
See also Russian Vehicle Note M.
25. KV-1S: By mid 1942 the number of Soviet tanks was again on the increase, and this luxury allowed the KV-1S to be introduced in order to increase the mobility of the heavy tank. In some ways it was a retrograde step, since its armor had to be drastically thinned; however, its new three-man turret freed the commander of his distracting need to also be the loader. 1,232 KV-1S were built.
† RF is 1.4 in 1944 and 1.6 in 1945.
26. KV-85: This mounted the turret of the prototype IS-1 heavy tank on the hull of the KV-1S as a stop-gap counter to the German Tiger and Panther. Only 130 were built and these were quickly consumed in the winter battles of 1943-44.
See also Russian Vehicle Note B.
27. IS-2: The IS (Iosef Stalin) heavy tank incorporated a re-designed KV hull and chassis combined with a new three-man turret. The first prototypes were built with an 85mm gun and then with a new 100mm gun, but the production versions had a 122mm gun chosen for its better HE capability and ease of production. This model is generally known as the JS-I in the West. IS tanks were initially used in independent heavy tank regiments, each of which contained 21 (5 per company; 2 per platoon).
See also Russian Vehicle Note B.
28. IS-2m: The main distinguishing characteristic of the IS-2m was its uniformly sloped upper hull front. Besides its above mentioned use, by 1945 the IS also equipped the new independent heavy tank brigades (each containing 65 IS types). 3,854 IS-2 types were built between late 1943 and mid 1945. The IS-2m is generally known as the JS-2 in the West. The main tactical drawbacks of the IS series were their slow rate of fire and their stowage of only 28 rounds.
Errata: The counter with identity letter "F" should have a white dot behind its BMG FP.
See also Russian Vehicle Notes B, G.
29. IS-3: The prototype IS-3 (Shchuka) was built in November 1944. Its low, round, and extremely sloped turret was a revolutionary design, and its pointed hull front gave rise to its being nicknamed the "Pike". The IS-3 was first issued at the time of the battle of Berlin. It is not definitely known if any saw combat; the Soviets claim they did. When first publicly displayed in September 1945 they caused great concern to Western observers and significantly influenced post-war Western designs.
See also Russian Vehicle Note G, J.
30. SU-76M: The Suka was designed as a combination assault gun-tank destroyer on a much modified T-70 hull and chassis. The increasing effectiveness of German armor and guns soon relegated it to the infantry support role, however, where it saw widespread use. It was initially used in conjunction with the SU-122 on the Volkhov Front in the attempt to relieve Leningrad. To ease logistics, in mid 1943 the SU-76 were placed in their own light SPA regiments of 21 vehicles each (with each battery comprised of four vehicles). 12,671 SU-76 and ZSU-37 AA vehicles were built between 1942 and mid 1945. The SU-76 was not well-liked by its crews, as evidenced by its nickname, "Bitch".
† RF is 1.5 prior to 9/43.
31. SU-76i(g): This used the hull and chassis of a captured PzKpfw III or StuG III, on which was fabricated a sloping box superstructure mounting a 76mm gun. 190 were built in 1943. They were generally used like the SU-76M. The sole surviving example (converted from a PzKpfw III J) was found in the Ukraine in 1972, lying at the bottom of the Sluch River where it had fallen through thin ice in January 1944 during the 143rd Rifle Division's attack on Sarny. The "(g)" in the piece name stands for "German", for ESB purposes.
See also Russian Vehicle Note K.
32. SU-122: An assault gun consisting of an M-30S field howitzer mounted on the hull and chassis of the T-34. First used in conjunction with the SU-76; in mid 1943 the SU-122 were placed in their own medium SPA regiments of 16 (later 21) such vehicles each (with each battery comprised of four vehicles). 1,148 were built between 1942-44.
33. SU-152: Designed to combat the German Tiger at long range, the SU-152 was an adaptation of the hull and chassis of the KV-1S. It first entered combat in the Kursk battles, and dealt so successfully with Tigers, Panthers, and Elefants that it was dubbed "Zvierboy" - variously translated as Animal Hunter or Conquering Beast. Its greatest tactical drawback was in carrying only twenty rounds of ammunition. 704 SU-152 were built and used in heavy SPA regiments of 21 vehicles each. A battery of heavy SU/
† RF is 1.6 for 7-9/43, and is 1.4 thereafter.
34. ISU-122 & ISU-152: These were continuations of the SU-152 concept, but using the IS chassis. In action, the greater armor piercing capability and longer range of the 122mm gun were complemented by the 152mm's better HE performance. They were used almost exclusively for direct fire, in the second wave of tank attacks. Their greatest liability was their ammunition capacity, which was only 30 and 20 rounds respectively. The ISU-122 and 152 were used in heavy SPA regiments (as per the SU-152), and after 1944 also in Guards heavy SPA brigades (as per the SU-100). From latter 1943 to mid 1945 a total of 4,075 of both types were built.
See also Russian Vehicle Note G.
35. SU-85: Designed as a countermeasure to the latest German AFVs, the SU-85 was essentially an SU-122 upgunned by mounting a derivative of the 85mm AA gun. Used in tank destroyer battalions of 16 vehicles each (21 from 1944), it first saw combat during the forcing of the Dnepr River. With the advent of the T-34/85, the gun of the SU-85 became redundant and it was eventually superseded in production by the SU-100. 2,050 SU-85 were built.
36. SU-100: This was essentially an upgunned SU-85, using an adapted 100mm naval gun. It was used in Tank Destroyer Battalions of 21 vehicles each, and in Guards Heavy SPA Brigades with 65 SU-100s and 3 SU-76s. 1,675 SU-100 were built from late 1944 to mid 1945. An SU-85 or SU-100 platoon consisted of two such vehicles, with five vehicles per battery.
37. SU-57(a): The U.S. T48 GMC halftrack. 650 were Lend-Leased to the Soviet Union, where they were re-armed with the more powerful Soviet 57mm AT gun and used in special brigades of 60 SU-57 each. The "(a)" in the piece name stands for "American", for ESB purposes.
See also Russian Vehicle Note K.
38. BA-20: This was a modernization of the older BA-27 and BA-27M armored cars. It consisted of an armored body topped by a MG turret, all on a modified 4×2 Ford Model A chassis with an updated Model A engine. It was used for security and reconnaissance missions. BA = Bronieavtomobil (armored automobile). Approximately 4,800 armored cars (of all types) were in Soviet service in June 1941.
39. BA-6: The BA-6 (aka BA-10 in the West) utilized the 6×4 chassis of the GAZ AAA truck, which was itself a modification of the 1930 Ford Model AA truck. It mounted the turret of the T-26 Model 1933 tank. About 100 Soviet 6×4 armored cars fought in Spain (1936-38); these types also saw combat as standard recon vehicles in all subsequent Soviet military actions through 1943. The game piece also represents the later (1938) BA-10 (aka BA-32), which carried the turret of an experimental light tank but is equivalent in game terms.
40. BA-64B: This was a light armored car based on the GAZ 4×4 automobile. It was used as a recon vehicle by commanders and staff officers and as a liaison vehicle in recon units. One source states that about 3,500 were built during the war.
† All 1MT restrictions apply normally [EXC: the crew must be CE to fire the CMG].
Errata: The Russian BA-64B AC should have "BU FP NA" on the counter.
See also Russian Vehicle Note A.
41. ZSU-37: A curious attempt at AA defense based on the SU-76M. Several hundred were built, but they were withdrawn from service at the war's end, due to their excessively slow turret traverse.
† The ZSU-37 is treated as a NT AFV [EXC: it may change its TCA but pays NT traverse DRM when doing so].
See also Russian Vehicle Note A.
42. SU-12: The first standardized Soviet SP gun.Used in cavalry and mechanized units, with one battery of six vehicles supporting each cavalry motorized infantry regiment.
See also Russian Vehicle Note F.
43. GAZ-4M-AA: Standard Soviet AA vehicle of the 1930s. AAMG consists of four MMG with 8 hex range, and can be neither Removed nor Scrounged.
† Make four To Kill DR on the MG column when using the AP To Kill Table; only one DR (firer's choice) is used.
See also Russian Vehicle Note A.
44. ZIS-42-AA: Just prior to the outbreak of the war, a limited number of 25mm M1940 AA guns were mounted on modified ZIS-5 trucks. They were probably used by motorized/
See also Russian Vehicle Notes A, F.
44.1. LANO AT: As the Germans pushed eastward, orders were issued to create "people's militia" units for protection against saboteurs and paratroop landings. In the Leningrad region, these were known as the Leningradskaya Armiya Narodnogo Opolcheniya (LANO) or Leningrad People's Militia Army. As these units were created, they were equipped with armored vehicles built in local factories, often by the workers who made up the militia units manning them. In the Leningrad region they were built by the Izhorsky Factory which had produced the armor for BA-10 and BA-20 armored cars, KV-1 tanks, and naval vessels prior to the war. These vehicles were civilian ZIS-5 and GAZ-AA chassis armored with professionally-made armor plate, and featured various anti-tank and anti-aircraft weapons. This game piece, called here the LANO AT, represents one of several different anti-tank versions, this one with a 45mm PTP obr. 32 (Russian Ordnance Note 7) on the bed of a ZIS truck, while others mounted a 45mm naval gun. These vehicles entered combat as the militia units moved forward to slow the Germans and Finns approaching Leningrad. By 23 September 1941, most of these units were heavily depleted, and what remained was reformed into regular army units within besieged Leningrad, where they were used until the siege was lifted in 1943. Some of these vehicles were captured by the Finns, who used them without weapons as armored personnel carriers until 1942.
44.2. LANO AA: This game piece, called here the LANO AA, represents one of several different anti-aircraft versions, this one with a 20mm aircraft cannon in an anti-aircraft mount on the bed of the GAZ-AA chassis; others mounted heavy anti-aircraft machine guns. In addition to being unarmored against attacks from the rear, the crew (when not buttoned up) was additionally vulnerable to attacks through the front where the AA-mount was more exposed.
† The CE DRM is +1 vs Indirect Fire, as well as vs Direct Fire that emanates from within the vehicle's front Target Facing - as signified by "CE: +1F" on the counter.
† The VCA is always used to determine the Target-Facing/CE-DRM of any attack vs the LANO AA.
ERRATA: The LANO AA should have "MA:AA" on the back of the counter.
See also Russian Vehicle Note A.
45. IAG-10-AA: A standard AA gun mounted on an IAG heavy truck. Probably used by motorized/
See also Russian Vehicle Notes A, F.
46. GAZ-67B: This was a 4×4 car closely patterned after the U.S. Jeep but using GAZ automobile components (including a modified Model A Ford engine).
See also Russian Vehicle Note L.
46.1 Komsomolet: This was the standard armored tractor, typically used to tow light AT guns into action, although efforts were made to keep the vehicle out of actual combat. It often towed a munitions trailer along with the gun. It could carry four people as passengers seated back-to-back in the rear. Many were captured in the summer of 1941 and pressed into service by the various Axis Minor armies. Following Romania's August 1944 surrender, the Russians confiscated the remaining Romanian tractors.
† RF is 1.3 39-7/41; 1.5 for 8/41-9/44; 1.4 thereafter.
† Passengers are considered to occupy an unarmored vehicle except for Direct Fire attacks through the VCA which receive a+1 CE modifier, and they are always CE (as if in a Carrier; D6.84) even if the vehicle's Inherent crew is BU as noted by the "Pas: CE; +1 VCA" on the counter. This vehicle may retain any unpossessed SW aboard it.
† Optional BMG RF is 1.4.
† If armed, this vehicle has an Inherent crew and thus a CS# instead of a cs#, and if Stunned, may not regain CE status, may not fire a weapon, and is Recalled per D5.341; these are signified by "Stun=Recall & CE/
46.2. STZ-3: The STZ-3 was the first all-purpose tractor designed in the Soviet Union and was produced beginning in 1937 in addition to license-built S-60s and S-65s, all of which were also used for civilian purposes. About 4,000 STZ-3 were provided to the army, where it was used for towing medium and heavy artillery.
46.3. STZ-5: The STZ-3 was eventually replaced by a bigger, faster version specifically designed for the army, the STZ-5.
47. Counters are provided for three common Soviet trucks, although they were by no means commonly used in other than motorized/
47.1. NKL-6 & NKL-16: The first Russian aerosan (or "air sledge") was the Kompas, ten of which were built in 1919 and used in the attacks on Kronstadt in 1921. In the early 1920s, several variants of the Kompas - as well as new aerosan designs by A.N. Tupolev - were tested. One of the latter models, the ANT-IV, was found to be superior to the others and was mass-produced. It was used for transport and for Arctic expeditions. The medical version, called ANT-IVS, was used during 1939-45. Hulls of the ANT versions were constructed of aluminum. Aerosans were also one of the many items produced under the aegis of the Ministry of Forestry Production (NarKomLes, or NKL). The NKL-6 (whose prototype was the OSGA-6) was produced until 1937, by which time it had evolved into the NKL-16. The NKL-6 was used during the Winter War primarily as transport and for evacuation of wounded, but some were armed. Several were captured by the Finns.
† Optional AAMG RF for the NKL-6 is 1.6.
† If armed, the NKL-6 has an Inherent crew and thus a CS# instead of a cs#. Its AAMG may not fire at a target that lies within the vehicle's "rear" VCA nor at an Aerial target. These are signified by "RVCA & Aerial NA" on the counter. See the diagram for Russian Vehicle Note 47.2.
† NKL-16 RF is 1.5 for 12/41-1/42, 1.4 for 2-5/42, 1.4 for 11-12/42, 1.3 for 1-2/43, 1.4 for 3-7/43, 1.5 for 8-12/43, and 1.3 for 1-6/44.
See also Russian Vehicle Note S.
47.2. NKL-26: The NKL-26 was the armed and armored version of the NKL-16. Armor plates were added to the front to provide a modicum of protection. A DT machine gun was mounted on the roof, operated by the commander; it had a 300° traverse, but its ability to elevate was limited.
† The AAMG may not fire at a target that lies within the vehicle's "rear" VCA nor at an Aerial target. These are signified by "RVCA & Aerial NA" on the counter. See the accompanying diagram.
† RF is 1.5 for 1-2/42, 1.4 for 3-6/42, 1.4 for 11/42-7/43, and 1.5 for 8/43-6/44.
See also Russian Vehicle Note Q, S.
47.3. RF-8-GAZ-98: Other aerosans, designed by M.V. Veselovskii, were built between 1932 and 1941. These - the GGAT-3, KM-4, and KM-5 - were used for postal service and similar tasks. In November 1941, Veselovskii sent a design for the RF-8 to the Gorki Car Works, where some modifications were made to accommodate available materials, such as using a standard GAZ car engine. This design, now called RF-8-GAZ-98, was made available to the army in February 1942 for the defense of Moscow. The RF-8-GAZ-98 had a wooden hull and was armed with a standard DT light machine gun and some hand grenades, and was manned by a driver and a gunner who sat in the front of the aerosan. Later versions were equipped with more powerful engines. A headquarters version had a closed top and no machine gun. A few aerosans were modified to carry twelve 8cm Katyusha rockets and saw some limited use during the defense of Moscow in the winter of 1941-42.
Aerosans were organized into either Aerosan Transport Battalions (TASB) or Aerosan Combat Battalions (BASB). The BASB was used for recon missions, flanking maneuvers, or together with ski-equipped infantry. The last aerosan battalions were disbanded in May 1944.
† The AAMG may only fire at a non-Aerial target that lies within the area from the "centerline" of the vehicle's port side Target Facing to the "centerline" of the starboard side Target Facing - as signified by "R/S VCA & Aerial NA" on the counter. See the accompanying diagram.
† RF is 1.4 for 2-4/42, 1.4 for 11/42-7/43, and 1.5 for 8/43-6/44.
See also Russian Vehicle Note S.
LEND-LEASE VEHICLES
48. Stuart III(a): Like all M3 Light Tanks, the American M3A1 (U.S. Vehicle Note 3) was officially called Stuart by the British. Although the Russian vehicle is called the Stuart III(a) (British Vehicle Note 3) for game purposes, most of the M3A1 light tanks sent to the Soviet Union were the (Mark) IV type with diesel engines and HE ammunition. The Soviets disliked the Stuart's high silhouette and its fixed BMG (which they, like the British, often replaced).
See also Russian Vehicle Note N, O, LL.
49. Lee(a): In addition to Lend-Leasing the M3 Medium Tank (U.S. Vehicle Note 7) to the British (who called it the "Lee"; British Vehicle Note 11), the U.S. also shipped it to the Soviet Union from late 1941 to early 1943. Its high silhouette and bow-mounted gun rendered it unpopular with Soviet tankers, however, and its use after 1944 was rare. Units equipped with this tank include the 91st, 193rd, and 257th Independent Tank Regiments, and it saw action, among other places, at Vyazma and Kursk.
† B11 applies individually to both the 37LL MA and 75 SA. The 37LL MA is a T Gun, while the 75 SA is a bow-mounted NT Gun. Either the MA or SA can claim the possibility of Multiple-ROF/
† Only the 37LL MA may fire Canister - as signified by "C4 37" on the counter.
† Only the 75 SA may fire Smoke ammo - as signified by "s8 75" on the counter.
† The AAMG was mounted in a turreted cupola. For game purposes it can be used as a normal AAMG or, while the crew is BU, like a remotely controlled AAMG (i.e., while BU, it cannot be used vs an Aerial target but can be used in CC). RF for the AAMG is 1.4.
† RF is 1.5 for 5/42-43 and 1.6 for 1944.
See also Russian Vehicle Note B, N, O, LL.
50. Sherman III(a): The first shipment of some 200 75mm Sherman III (M4A2) medium tanks was made in September 1942; further shipments were not made until July 1943, but then continued on through 1944 with a total of 1,991 M4A2s and two M4A4s being delivered by the end of the year. The Soviets not surprisingly regarded the Sherman as inferior to the T-34 but could not have failed to be impressed by its durability - since a Sherman could generally be expected to run at least three times as long as a T-34 before suffering mechanical breakdown.
† WP becomes available June 1944 - as signified by the superscript "J4+".
† RF is 1.5 for 1943 and 1.4 thereafter.
See also Russian Vehicle Note N, O, R, LL.
50.1. Sherman III(L)(a): This was the late-model M4A2(L) (U.S. Vehicle Note 11) with better front hull armor, which comprised some of the M4A2 shipments mentioned in Russian Vehicle Note 50 beginning 7/44 (not 10/43 as shown in the Russian Lend-Lease Vehicle Listing on page H28F).
See also Russian Vehicle Note N, O, R, LL.
51. Matilda II(b): The Matilda II (British Vehicle Note 26) was the second most common Lend-Lease British tank used by the Soviets. They did not like it, however, and criticized both its slow speed and its poor performance in winter. It was used mainly for infantry support.
† During Deep-Snow/
† Before any type of Immobilization result due to an attack [EXC: one caused by mines, or by a Direct Fire hit vs the front or rear Target Facing] takes effect, a subsequent dr must be made. If this dr is ≤ 3, Immobilization occurs; if ≥ 4, it does not. This is signified on the counter by "Immob: dr=3".
See also Russian Vehicle Note N, LL.
52. Valentine II, V, & VIII: The Soviets received more Valentines than any other British tank. They also preferred it over the others because of its higher speed and greater reliability - but they still (justifiably) considered it manifestly inferior to their own T-34. Almost all Marks were sent; the Marks II, V, and VIII given in the Listing are representative of the various types.
† The number listed as shipped is for all Marks-and includes 1,388 Marks VI-VII built in Canada.
52.1. Valentine V(b): The Mark V (British Vehicle Note 28) was an improvement over the Mark II. It became available to the Soviets in 1943, but was then phased out by the Mark VIII.
See also Russian Vehicle Note N, LL.
52.2. Valentine VIII(b): The Mark VIII (British Vehicle Note 29) mounted the more potent 6pdr gun, but at the loss of the third turret crewman and the co-axial MG. The Valentine IX (with a different engine make but equivalent in game terms) was supplied to the 7th Guards Tank Brigade in Finland.
See also Russian Vehicle Note N, LL.
53. Churchill III(b): The Soviets asked for more powerful tanks than the Matildas and Valentines that were being supplied, and the Churchill was the answer to this plea. The first Churchills sent to the Soviet Union were the Mk I and II models with 40mm armament, but the majority were later, up-gunned models featuring the new turret needed to mount the 6pdr. The Mark III had welded armor plate and is equivalent in game terms to the Mark IV (British Vehicle Note 32), which had cast armor. Due to their weight, Churchills were considered heavy tanks by the Soviets, who regarded them as inferior to their own KV heavy tanks. The first ten Churchills arrived in July 1942 for testing and evaluation, and it was approved for combat in spite of mixed feelings about its mechanical reliability. Starting in 1943, it was sent to the front organized in regiments of 21 vehicles. The 48th Regiment fought as part of the 21st Army at Stalingrad and took part in the January battles at Gontschar and Gumrak. The only heavy tanks available to the 5th Guards Tank Army at Kursk were 35 Churchills in an independent heavy tank regiment. Although eased out of use after 1943, Churchills were used during the Finnish offensive in the summer of 1944. All in all, around 300 tanks were received.
† APDS becomes available in June 1944 - as signified by the superscript "J4".
† HE with a Depletion number of "7" becomes available in February 1943, as signified by the superscript "F3" on the counter; the Depletion number becomes "8" for 1944 and 1945, as signified by the additional superscript "4+".
† This AFV has a sM, and beginning in 1944 it also has a sD, as signified by the superscript "4+" on the counter. The owning player may make a usage attempt (D13.2) for either(but not for both) during a Player Turn, after declaring which one he will attempt to fire. All other Smoke Dispenser rules also apply unchanged.
† This vehicle pays only 2 MP when ascending each intermediate level of an Abrupt Elevation Change (B10.51) instead of the normal 4 MP, and can cross a Double-Crest (or Crest-Line slope; Q3.53) hexside (B10.52) but must check for Bog (D8.21) with a +3 DRM.
See also Russian Vehicle Note N, LL.
54. M3A1 Scout Car(a): Unarmed Lend-Lease M3A1 Scout Cars - the British White Scout Car (British Vehicle Note 69) - were used by the Soviets primarily for liaison and as prime movers for guns, but the armed version - the U.S. M3A1 Scout Car (U.S. Vehicle Note 39) - was highly appreciated for scouting and screening.
† This vehicle can retain any unpossessed SW aboard it (D6.4), and Mounted Fire penalties (D6.1) do not apply to its Passenger(s).
† Each armed M3A1 Scout Car(a) has only a 9PP capacity (D6.1), starts the scenario with an inherent crew and also with a 2-3-7 HS as a Passenger that applies to the vehicle's PP capacity, and its crew/
† The AAMG FP actually consists of two MG: one .50-cal. HMG (MA; 4 FP) and one secondary .30-cal. MMG (2 FP) - as signified by "4MA&[red]2" on the counter. The Inherent crew may fire only the .50-cal. MA unless it is malfunctioned or disabled, in which case the Inherent crew may fire the secondary AAMG instead. Otherwise, only a Good Order Passenger may use the secondary AAMG (as signified on the counter by printing its FP in red). Assuming they are properly manned, the MA AAMG and secondary AAMG may be fired together as a FG or at separate targets (per D3.5). The secondary AAMG, when being fired by its Passenger, counts as use of a SW by that Passenger. Each AAMG malfunctions and is repaired or disabled independently of the other. If the MA AAMG malfunctions, mark the vehicle with a "MA Malfunction" counter to show that its secondary AAMG is still usable. If the secondary AAMG malfunctions, mark it with an "AAMG Malfunction" counter. ROF applies only to the MA (A9.2).
See also Russian Vehicle Note N, LL.
55. M5 & M9A1: Lend-Lease halftracks were used by the Soviets almost exclusively in the HQ units of armored formations. They were rarely, if ever, used as tactical infantry transport. The number of M9A1 halftracks listed as shipped includes 342 of the M2 version.
56. M17: The M17 MGMC was the Lend-Lease equivalent of the U.S. M16 MGMC, and was the most common AA vehicle used by the Soviets. They were allotted to Tank and Mechanized Corps.
57. Carriers: Carriers from Great Britain, Canada, and even 96 U.S.-built types were Lend-Leased to the Soviet Union. They were used for scouting, liaison, and troop transport.
58. Trucks: Most Lend-Lease trucks were modern purpose-built military vehicles of 4×4, 6×4, or 6×6 configuration. This gave them better off-road mobility than the obsolete Soviet designs, which were basically copies of 1930 U.S. vehicles. On the other hand, the Lend-Lease types probably had problems in the severe Russian winters (as western vehicles do in the Soviet Union to this day). U. S. trucks contributed vitally to the motorization of the Red Army, and became so common in certain areas that the locals sometimes thought the "USA" stenciled on them stood for "Ubiyat Sukinsyna Adolf" ("kill that sonofabitch Adolf").
59. Jeep GPa(a): Over 3,500 amphibious Jeeps (U.S. Vehicle Note 53) were delivered to the Soviet Union. Among other units, these were used by the 275th and 278th Amphibious Car Battalions, which each had 100 vehicles of this type. It was used in the Soviet attack across the Svir River.
See also Russian Vehicle Note H, L.
60. DUKW(a): Some 600-700 DUKW(a) (U.S. Vehicle Note 52 and British Vehicle Note 75) were Lend-Leased to the Soviet Union. They were organized in Special Truck Battalions and used in crossing several rivers in Germany and Finland, as well as in the amphibious Moonsund landing operation against the West Estonian Archipelago in late 1944.
† The vehicle's high hull made exit and entry difficult for Personnel who had to climb over the sides. Therefore, the cost to (un)load (D6.4-.5) is doubled to ½ of the vehicle's MP allotment and two MF for the Personnel - as signified by "(un)load×2" on the counter. In addition, all attacks made by the Passengers of this vehicle are halved (or receive a +2 TH DRM) as Mounted Fire (D6.1). This vehicle can retain any unpossessed SW aboard it (D6.4).
The United States supplied the Soviet Union with some $9 billion worth of goods and materials during World War II. Included in this were some 7,200 tanks (of which 6,300 arrived), over 432,500 trucks, and just over 14,000 aircraft. Great Britain and Canada supplied the U.S.S.R. with about 5,200 tanks (of which some 4,600 arrived), 4,000 planes, over 2,500 Carriers, and several types of trucks. The Soviets generally belittled the AFV of the Western Allies and relegated many to secondary fronts, thus releasing their own AFV for use in more important areas at a time when Soviet AFV production was still recovering from the setbacks of 1941. More recent reports of Soviet tactical doctrine indicates that Russian policy was to operate ‘Western' tanks on their southern fronts where winter conditions were not so harsh. On the other hand, the great influx of trucks and other transport vehicles gave Soviet units a degree of mobility that could not have been attained had they been solely dependent on their own domestic truck production, which out of necessity had to be greatly curtailed to allow increased AFV production. In sum, while the Soviets have minimized the effects of Lend-Lease on their ability to defeat Germany, it is fair to say that in this regard it was not decisive but was certainly significant.
For DYO purposes use British counters to represent the following vehicles in Soviet service. All pertinent Vehicle Notes apply normally. As a rule of thumb, keep in mind that generally only one type of Lend-Lease tank was used in a Soviet tank brigade or regiment-although often in conjunction with Soviet light or medium tanks. Note also that since the Soviets have been largely reticent concerning their use of Lend-Lease vehicles, the Dates given below are in many cases estimates based on shipping and/
| Name | Type | Dates | RF | #Shipped | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stuart III | LT | 42-43 | 1.5 | 1,676 | 48 |
| Lee | MT | 42-43 | 1.5 | 1,386 | 49 |
| Sherman III | MT | 43-45 | 1.5-1.4† | 1,991 | 50† |
| Sherman III(L) | MT | 10/43-45 | 1.4 | † | 50† |
| Matilda II | HT | 12/41-43 | 1.5 | 1,084 | 51 |
| Valentine II | HT | 12/41-43 | 1.5 | 3,700† | 52 |
| Valentine V | HT | 43 | 1.4 | † | 52† |
| Valentine VIII | HT | 43-44 | 1.4 | † | 52† |
| Churchill III | HT | 43 | 1.6 | 301 | 53 |
| M3A1 | SC | 43-45 | 1.4 | 3,310 | 54 |
| M5 | ht | 43-45 | 1.6 | 403 | 55 |
| M9A1 | ht | 43-45 | 1.5 | 755 | 55 |
| M17 | AAht | 44-45 | 1.5 | 1,000 | 56 |
| Carrier | APC | 42-45 | 1.4 | 2,656 | 57 |
| Jeep | tr | 43-45 | 1.3 | 20,000+ | 58 |
| Beep | tr | 43-45 | 1.3 | 50,000+ | |
| 1½ ton | tr | 43-45 | 1.2 | 151,053 | |
| 2½ ton | tr | 43-45 | 1.2 | 200,662 | |
| 7½ ton | tr | 43-45 | 1.5 | 2,972 |
RUSSIAN MULTI-APPLICABLE VEHICLE NOTES
A. MA and CMG (if so equipped) have AA capability-signified by "MA:AA" being printed on the counter.
B. Due to being in a fixed mount and fired remotely, this BMG receives a +1 DRM to all fire at a moving/
C. This AFV has no radio in scenarios set prior to 1943 (see D14). As of 1943 Otis radio-equipped.
D. Optional AAMG RF is 1.3. If available, optional RMG RF is 1.3.
F. MA may not fire at a same or lower level target through the VCA-as signified by "MA: NA VCA" being printed on the counter. If "No Bnd(F)F" appears on the counter, the vehicle may not use Bounding (First) Fire.
G. Optional AAMG is 12.7mm, with RF of 1.2.
H. The Target Size To Hit DRM is +3 (and also HD) if in a Water Obstacle or deep/
I. Increase 1941 RF by .1 for each month after 7/41.
J. This AFV may possibly carry smoke dischargers (sD). Use rule D13 [EXC: they are usable only once per scenario].
K. Uses red To Hit numbers despite its non-Russian manufacture.
L. Vehicle has Low Ground Pressure (D1.41)-signified by its identity letter being inside a square. Moreover, when this vehicle is bogged, one (only) CX squad (even a Prisoner - but not a Guard) on foot expending = four MF in the vehicle's Location (and declared to be assisting its unbogging) thereby allows the owning player to subtract 2 (1 per crew/
M. Russian tracked AFV of the early war years had notoriously poor transmissions. Not only were they plagued by breakdowns, but were also extremely difficult to shift; in fact, many models carried as standard equipment a large hammer which the driver used on the shift lever to "persuade" it to move. Therefore, each time a Mechanical Reliability DR (D2.51) is made for a Russian-built AFV, an 11 result indicates that the AFV has stalled or suffered transmission difficulties that have prevented it from starting normally. Its owner must then immediately make another DR, which equals the total number of Delay MP (including one MP to stop, but excluding the MP expended to start) that the AFV has used in the unsuccessful attempt to move. It can again attempt to move, but must expend another MP to start-and must undergo another Mechanical Reliability DR as it does so. An AFV that stalls is subject to Defensive First Fire (since it has expended a MP to start), but not as a moving target unless it had already entered a new hex during the same MPh. Should a Stall result in more Delay MP being expended than the AFV has available, the AFV is considered to have expended its entire MP allotment in Delay.
N. "(a)" or "(b)" in the piece name stands for "American" or "British", respectively, for ESB (D2.5) purposes. A Scrounged MG takes counter form as a Russian-colored British LMG.
ERRATA: This Multi-Applicable Vehicle Note also applies to Russian Vehicle Note 19.
O. May be equipped with a Gyrostabilizer as per D11.
P. This AFV may be equipped with VCA/
ERRATA: This Multi-Applicable Vehicle Note also applies to Russian Vehicle Notes 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10.
Q. If Stunned, this vehicle may not regain CE status, may not fire any weapon, and is Recalled per D5.341; these are signified by "Stun=Recall & CE/
R. This AFV has a very fast and accurate turret traverse and also a better than-normal ROF for a MA of its caliber. Therefore, it is allowed the possibility of Multiple Hits (C3.8) even though its MA is > 40mm. Moreover, in a Gun Duel (C2.2401), its total Firer-based TH DRM are halved (FRD) prior to adding any Acquisition DRM. (The final total of all DRM may not be < zero, and applies for Gun Duel calculations only.) These abilities are signified on the counter by the ROF # being printed on a white background.
S. See D17. for rules on Aerosan movement. Aerosans are denoted in the Russian Vehicle Listing by a Type of "AS" and the Movement Point Allotment superscript "s".
T. This AFV has a 76 MA in a main turret and a 45L SA in a fore sub-turret. All RST (D1.321) penalties apply to both the 76 MA and the 45L SA individually. Use separate TCA counters for each turret (bottom counter fore sub-turret, top counter main turret). The TCA of the fore sub-turret must always include at least one hex of the VCA (see the accompanying diagram), as signified by "S/R VCA NA" on the counter. The 45L SA is always BU (thus always subject to the +1 Case I TH DRM) and may not use Intensive Fire as signified by "No IF45" on the counter. The CMG factor (4×2) is actually two 4-FP CMG; one in the main turret and one in the fore sub-turret (the sub-turret cannot contain a Rear MG; D1.82). Both CMG malfunction, and are repaired or disabled, individually.
ERRATA: The counters for the SMK and T-100 should show the MA as "76", not "76*". The illustrations in the Vehicle Notes are correct.
LL. Lend-Lease vehicles use black To Hit numbers [EXC: A25.32]. Some Lend-Lease vehicles did not have all the weaponry (i.e., AAMG), Special Ammunition (C8.), and Vehicular Smoke Dispenser (D13.) capability available to the Western Allies or had it at a later date, but exact availability dates and amounts are not known. Thus, the Lend-Lease vehicles have been depicted exactly the same as their Western counterparts in order to show the widest possible range of availability [EXC: Canister (C8.4) Depletion Numbers (C8.9) for the Stuart III(a) and Lee(a) have been lowered by 1]. Scenario designers may want to lower Depletion Numbers or restrict the availability of a given capability during the engagement at hand for Lend-Lease vehicles.